Alessandra Lai interviews Francesco Careri, the article is published on: Antonino Di Raimo, Steffen Lehmann, Alessandro Melis (eds.) Informality through Sustainability Urban Informality Now, Routledge, London 2020
In the Global North, informality is seen as a positive break to the rigidity of the traditional forms of housing and workplaces. That’s because it is considered capable of enhancing the individuals who, being them free to move in time and space, can use their own creativity without limits. When it comes to facing the issues of housing affordability, informality commonly recalls images of problematic urban reality, born out of the rules, therefore perceived as illegal. And this works both for the Global South and for the Global North. However, another interpretation of the same urban phenomena is gaining ground as expressions of the tenacity of marginalized social or ethnic groups that resist social, economic, political and geographical exclusion. Some case studies, framed as actions for the right to housing and the city, in Rome, challenge this dichotomous interpretation, overcoming it through virtuous practices that inspire new ways of thinking about the urban scene to open it in unexpected cohabitations, generating intercultural condominiums open to exchanges with the city. This contribution investigates these attempts of informal experimentation of new urban places: this happens through an interview with Francesco Careri, Associate Professor and co-Director of the Master Environmental Humanities at the University of Roma Tre, co-founding member of the Urban Art Laboratory Stalker and active witness of this emblematic transformations.
Keywords: Informality, Hospitality, Cooperation, Nomadism, New Urbanism.
Introduction.
As is well
known, the world population tends to move to cities, which, together with their
metropolitan areas, represent today the centre of economic production. Living
in or around cities means increasing opportunities to escape extreme poverty.
However cities do not seem equipped to accommodate and manage this very rapid
urbanization process, so more people than ever before are now responsible for
creating their living spaces, and they do so within different economic
contexts, different climatic and cultural conditions, which generate a wide
range of solutions to the problem of living (Pojani, 2019). These are spaces,
places and communities where residents adapt to the circumstances at hand using
locally based rules, processes and governance. These actions are generally
'outside' the structures and processes that guide order and control in the
formally planned city (Jones, 2017). Therefore it has become common practice to
define them as “informal”.
As Lefevre
reminds us, illustrating the concept of "right to the city",
"[people in informal settlements] are excluded, so they take; they are not
seizing an abstract right, they are taking an actual place. And this act to
challenge society's denial of place by taking one of your own, is an assertion
of being in a world that routinely denies people the dignity and the validity
inherent in a home "(Neuwirth, 2005).
This
chapter illustrates, through a passionate interview with Francesco Careri, the
events, tools, problems and perspectives that have characterized some
emblematic attempts to accompany the creation of alternative living models to
those formally defined by the system of rules that would like to design the
contemporary city, but which prove to be unable to provide the conditions for
dignified living and enjoying the opportunities of the city for the weaker
segments of the population.
In
particular Careri, with Stalker and other associations, worked on the themes of
the intercultural city and nomadism, in Rome, recognizing the importance of
informal settlements as an alternative expression of contemporary, otherwise
prosaic, artificial and sanitized urbanity (Cummings 2013 ; De la Hoz 2013).
Careri's
building activity focuses on the intangible. Rather than modifying the informal
spaces of the city, he is interested in "building situations" to make
them visible, to transform the perspective from which we observe the
communities that inhabit them, to recognize their identity and values. To affirm
the “right to difference” (Gissara, Percoco, Rosmini, 2018).
The purpose of this contribution is not to enrich the case studies on informal settlements, neither from the point of view of the economic, social, legal and political aspects, already widely debated by other scholars, nor from the point of view of the formal analysis of the design solutions that have been adopted. Instead, the interest of the authors is to offer, through the story of Roman cases, new opportunities for reflection on the plurality and equal dignity of forms for contemporary living. If the right to housing and the city were recognized as one of the expressions of the "right to difference", a more fertile rethinking of the fate of the spaces of the contemporary and future city could be launched. And in fact the image of informality is already not uniformly negative: dystopic, poor settlements simultaneously attracts and repelle visitors (be they researchers or "slum tourists") (Pojani, 2019).
LAI - The
climate emergency represents, at a global level, the strongest push for the
search for new forms and new languages to design the cities of the future, but
also to outline more responsible behavior. However, the 17 objectives contained
in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development remind us that the climate
change is not the only threat: common urban challenges include the lack of
funds to provide basic services and the lack of adequate housing.
In the big
cities, which welcome a fluctuating population, with increasingly heterogeneous
characteristics in terms of culture, education, language or religion, the
ordinary challenges are joined by those related to the search for new forms to
encourage a fruitful coexistence between new or temporary citizens and old
citizens.
The consolidated urban space planning models reject any element that lies outside their own schemes and the traditional assistance tools complain of insufficient endowments to manage the dimension of the social transformations taking place. Is it possible to introduce informal appendices to the consolidated model to make it more porous and flexible or the time has come for a radical rethinking of the system of rules on which the growth of the city is based?
CARERI -
To the word Rome our brain immediately associates that of ruins and immediately
the stereotyped image of people who inhabit them in a picturesque,
"informal" way we would say today, appears to the mind. For external
and internal tourists - even for those who live in the city but superficially -
Rome appears as an opaque marsh from which few islands of ancient ruins emerge,
freed, for some time now, from their inhabitants and enhanced for the tourism
show.
All
around, on the surface of the pond, nothing moves, everything floats inert. No
brave burst of urban audacity moves the surface of the water. But if you dive
deeper into the contemporary city we still find the Eternal Rome, that of ruins
and poor people, old and new poor, old and new Romans, all always foreigners.
The city
is again the one portrayed by Piranesi and the Grand Tour landscape painters.
Discarded lives who live among the waste: poor, homeless, migrants, Roma and
unwanted people of all kinds, who rebuild their lives no longer among the
ancient ruins but in the ruins of the contemporaneity. It seems that they have
always been there, that they are part of the local fauna. Here, in fact, the
city must be invented because otherwise no form of life would be possible.
In recent
years with Stalker we have started to re-read the eternal theme of ruins and
foreigners. I must say that it was in particular Lorenzo Romito[1], in the early months of
2015, who proposed to all of us at Stalker the myth of the foundation of Rome, of
the pagan gods, of the imperial myths ... the fact of getting to re-read the
Aeneid of Virgil seemed crazy to me: I thought he was joking! Then I understood
the depth of the operation: undressing the fascist and imperial rhetoric that
has always appropriated all this and affirming that the Genius Loci of Rome is
founded on the hospitality of the foreigner, that Rome has always been a great
multicultural capital, that in eternal history they were the foreigners who
cyclically re-inhabited the ruins and re-founded Rome.
With
Stalker we have done two actions to re-read and reactivate the ancient myths: a
first walk On the Ruins of the Contemporary[2] to witness the new
costly architectures of the archistars left unfinished, and a second, Xeneide[3]
to go over the traces of Aeneas: progenitor of Romulus and Remus. Aeneas, the
Trojan, arrives in Rome as a refugee, runs away from the war, has lost many
companions in the dangerous journey in the Mediterranean, lands on the Italian
beaches, among the ruins of the Palatine (there were already ruins before there
was Rome) meets another foreigner, Evandro the Greek, to whom he is bound by a
previous bond of hospitality, the xènia[4].
Aeneas will bring his foreign blood to mix it with that of the Latins and the
Etruscans to give life to Eternal Rome, a city cyclically in ruins and
reactivated by foreigners who live there.
Despite the myth, and I come to answer the last part of your question, today in Rome neither ruins nor foreigners are recognized as a resource to reactivate the wheel of the Eternal city and bring down the waters that have flooded the marsh. We want those waters to keep still and to hide what cannot yet emerge. Here it is not possible to make the consolidated model more porous and flexible although it would be necessary and although the virtuous informal experiences from which to learn exist and are also many. And it also seems to me that the turning point for a radical rethinking of the system of rules you are talking about is actually taking place, but that it is taking place in the opposite direction. It is an authoritarian turn that is changing the rules of civil and democratic coexistence, increasingly intolerant toward any form of resistance to the dominant model. For a different change today there are no political conditions, even if there are physical, economic and human resources. Although what is happening at the bottom of the marsh is well known to the administration, it is not intended to proceed towards the legalization of informal experiences, nor to offer spaces and opportunities in which to experiment with alternative formal models.
LAI - Your answer seems to suggest enormous potentiality and then burn them permanently. Yet I have read that you had started to conduct a census of he places of degradation in Rome (perhaps referring to the ruins of the contemporary). Here it came to mind the self-management experiment of Torre David, the abandoned skyscraper of Caracas following the death of its builder and the collapse of the Venezuelan economy, which later became an improvised home for over 750 families. Where some saw only a failed project (a ruin of the contemporary?), others saw an opportunity and a laboratory for studying informal vertical communities, which drove to the conclusion that the future of urban development lies in the collaboration between architects, private companies and the global population of slum dwellers. No mention of administrations or political forces. Is this collaborative scenario with private companies a utopia, a provocation, or there are elements that give hope?
CARERI -
I'm sorry that it seemed that I wanted to burn all hope, but it would actually
be easier to operate on these issues with other political scenarios than the
current ones, and if politics does not follow us we would go on as you say, as
architects-artists, private companies and population. Unfortunately, in fact,
it does not seem to me a historical moment in which the public could be the
only solution. And I do not exclude the possibility of collaborating with
private actors at all: it is not a problem of ideological barriers. I think
private capital can and should be stimulated, educated and convinced of the
fact that in some cases decreasing profit to support welfare is important for
everyone, even for private individuals if they do not want society to collapse
violently, bringing them into the abyss as well.
Today there are some solutions for he lower-middle class, the so-called Social Housing Policies for those who can afford to pay at least 500 euros per month. I believe that this type of operation should be also extended to those in emergency and often paupers, perhaps leveraging on their constructive, organizational and evolutionary abilities, and this is possible by understanding and favoring the microeconomies and mutual aid systems that are created, for example, in housing occupations. Given that, however, I believe that also with regards to the public, the time has come to reverse the course: we have to stop with selling off and "securitizing" public housing, we need to start expanding the public real estate assets again, starting to experiment on an ever-growing range of increasingly differentiated public solutions. This cannot be invented from scratch as a table, and can only be done by observing and understanding the reality and urban life that surrounds us, which in order to survive finds infinite solutions.
LAI - In 1971 Victor Papanek wrote a book, Design for the Real World, which revolves around the question: how is it possible to "design for the real world"? You did it, facing the exceptions that our rule system rejects. How do you deal with informality without pretending to bring it back, by distorting it, within rigid and formal schemes? What can be transferred from your experiences in traditional planning or assistance tools and what is holding back this “transfusion” process?
CARERI -
Yes you are right, for twenty years now we have been dealing with informality
with Stalker, and we have ripened a certain awareness and attitude towards the
problems of relational approach and cultural appropriation that they propose.
But after so many experiences we have not succeeded neither in having a real
mandate to work in a formal way, nor in transferring what we learnt in our
experiences to the traditional instruments.
With
Stalker we have worked not only to design for the real world, but also
to “build” with the real world, and always addressing the theme of
ruins, foreigners and informal living. The first realization was the Ararat
center, an abandoned building of the former slaughterhouse in Testaccio, which
we occupied and reactivated together with Kurdish activists and refugees in
1999. It is still the only place created for the hospitality of refugees in the
city center, inside the Roman walls and not in the unattainable metropolitan
suburbs. It is entirely self-managed and more than twenty-five thousand
refugees have passed through it, without ever burdening public funds.[5]
For years
we have also dealt with the issue of the Roma, and with them we have worked in
the slums, we have built a model house, Savorengo Ker - which means the house for everyone
-, we have made proposals to the administrations to overcome the system of
camps. But the house was burned, the Roma were evicted and locked up in
mono-ethnic camps, and no reasonable policy came from the successive
administrations to overcome a situation that has always been absolutely
unacceptable for a European capital.[6]
After the
experience with the Roma community, we worked with the Civic Arts Laboratory on
the theme of housing occupations, in particular with those of Metropoliz[7] and the Porto Fluviale[8], witnessing yet another
world that inhabits the ruins and makes them the garrisons of the fight for the
right to housing. They are people with a lucid political awareness that comes
from the struggles of the Seventies, but whose discourse has changed
profoundly. They have made many important steps, such as that from the struggle
for home towards a wider struggle for living, that is not only to
have a roof but a set of services, spaces, relationships and policies that
coincide with the city itself.
The movement in the last twenty years has greatly grown in number, from the few hundred people of the Eighties to the many thousands today. It has diversified in its composition: first they were almost entirely Italian and today there is a large foreign majority; and the way of presenting itself to the city has changed: no longer only antagonist but also proactive and with a great ability to create alliances with previously unthinkable actors, for example the Vatican, and to solve the problems that administrations do not even want to face. The movements of fight for the right to housing are managing to bring out from the marsh what in the perception of the city was previously invisible. But they still lose a lot of energy in defending themselves from threats of eviction and live a daily precariousness that does not allow them to evolve into formal models.
LAI -
Cases of occupations and self-managements are ways of appropriating urban space
perceived with diffidence as parasitic, at least in the today's sense of the
word which indicates as a parasite someone "who lives behind others".
In the experiences you mentioned like Ararat, the Roma community of Casilino
900 and the mixed-race communities of Metropoliz, Porto Fluviale, and now Spin
Time, it seems that it is possible to recover the original sense of the term,
where the nickname "parasite" was referred to "those who participate
in a banquet without having a defined role (without having organized it and
without having particular merits to be invited)", positioning themselves
“around the food or the source of sustenance", but, gladdening the hosts
with games and jokes. In short, it testifies to the willingness to exchange.
What kind of exchanges can we expect to observe between new communities settled in residual or abandoned spaces and the neighborhood or the city? What kind of resources can the new inhabitants bring into play, to start establishing fruitful relationships of reciprocity with the context in which they settle?
CARERI -
Today, apart from the hostile gaze of a few, even ordinary people begin to
understand that the many buildings occupied in Rome are a barrier to degradation
and a solution which, although precarious, is not only capable of offering
spaces for a dignified and human living, but also services and innovation for
the rest of the city. They are places where intercultural living is
experimented in different forms, where people are not numbers and bodies to
manage, but women and men free to express their culture and desires. Even
institutional politics sometimes look at them with interest, as in the case of
R-Home, a day in which administrators, occupants, activists, artists and
intellectuals made a long bus tour to understand the phenomenon more closely[9].
The
academy also did its part to make the phenomenon read from a different point of
view. There are increasingly studied experiences on which many degree and
doctoral theses are made. In short, I would say that the exchange exists and it
is getting stronger.
I like
your definition of "parasite" and it is very suitable for the
C.I.R.C.O. project, an acronym that stands for Casa Irrinunciabile per la Ricreazione Civica e
l’Ospitalità[10]. It is a project that proposes to put
together, as eternally happened in Rome, the ruins with foreigners, learning
from the occupations how the institutional reception machine could be replaced
with a network of places based on hospitality. The acronym explicitly refers to
the imagination of the circus: that colorful, magical, nomadic place and alien
to the city, proud of its diversity, which is installed in waste land and where
the circus performers have skills to put together in a project common.
First of
all, we elaborated the theme of the ruins with a mapping that is divided into
different layers: military barracks, Atac[11]
remittances, cinemas, theaters, schools, sports facilities, health facilities,
ecclesiastical goods, factories. All abandoned. The proposal is to inhabit and
recover wastes as hybrid, porous, inclusive, original places, in which to
relaunch culture by giving space to the Other: to the Roma, to the migrant, to
the off-site student, to the seasonal worker, to the artist, to the craftsman,
to the traveler, to the homeless and also to tourists.
Later we
proposed several projects that pivot on the O of the acronym Circus,
hospitality (in Italian “Ospitalità”). As I said before about the Xeneide
project, this takes up the Greek word xenía, the gift that the host gives to
the guest, but more generally concerns the complex of reciprocal rules that
underlie the hospitality, which was sacred to all the ancient world and which
today has lost its meaning and has been replaced by the word “Reception”. While
"Reception" is a one-way word, which refers to needs, to blankets,
hot meals, legal and health assistance, to looking after bodies and not people
with their desires; "Hospitality" is based instead on a mutual
exchange, looks at the guest as a bearer of the gift, of culture, of resources.
Rome continues to be a city where you are not hosted, but also where hosting is
prevented by all means, as it was evident in the Baobab Experience, a city
network of solidarity and hospitality for so-called migrants in transit that
organized a space informal reception next to the Tiburtina station which has
been periodically cleared for years.
The migrant issue is complex and varied: some are economic migrants who prefer not to be registered in Italy and try to reach Northern Europe, others have refugee status but when the reception period is over they have nowhere to go, others are Dubliners, those that Europe sends back because of the Dublin Treaty which obliges to apply for asylum in the country where they landed. Until the city realizes that migrants are a resource and not a problem, they will not make great progress.
Conclusions
Careri's
Roman lessons on informality are upstream. There is no interest in regulating
informality by reporting it within formal canons. On the contrary: his research
focuses on building opportunities to reveal its characteristics and values.
Careri is a scholar and an explorer: with his students and different
associations, he travels and crosses Rome, not the eternal city of the imperial
ruins, but the ephemeral city of the voiceless people who today, as in its
glorious past, reach the capital through different life paths.
The first
lesson we learn from tese cases studies is that on “building together”. It can
assume different meanings, like building spaces, architecture, homes,
relationships, or social, cultural and economic opportunities. The focus lies
in the word “together”, where active listening represents a very powerful tool
to know other worlds and to make other worlds known, because it invites the
Other to express himself and tell about his differences. Listening evolves into
sharing knowledge when the exchange is not one-way, when nobody excels, when
all voices have equal dignity. As Senneth (2013) reminds us “Cooperation is a
lesson that needs to be learnt, by listening. Not by showing hyper-empathy (the
reception), but by becoming curious, and accepting that we cannot all be inside
it in the same way, but we collaborate the same despite the fact that people do
not really understand each other at all“.
The
construction of Savorengo Ker, the house for everyone at the Casilino 900, had
many values, but above all, it gave space to the comparison on the ways of
thinking about the meaning of house and the ways of building it.
This is
also linked to the concept of hospitality as a guiding attitude in approaching
the theme of informal living and more generally in establishing fertile
exchanges between the guest and the host. The Italian word "guest"
derives, in fact, from the Latin hospes-pitis and alludes to the
reciprocal duties of hospitality; therefore in the Italian language a guest is
a person who receives in his own home and a guest is a person who enjoys
hospitality and presents himself in the house. This is so clear in the case of
Metropoliz, the abandoned factory that houses families belonging to different
ethnic groups and in the free and collective spaces welcomes the works and
installations of various artists. On Saturday the doors of this world open to
tourists and citizens allowing them to understand who the Other is and what the
Elsewhere is.
Roman
experiences also tell of the ability of these new citizens to resurrect
otherwise forgotten spaces and buildings simply by inhabiting them. Hence the other
project, C.I.R.C.O., dedicated to the mapping of the ruins of the contemporary,
of those spaces that the formal city, with all its political, administrative,
professional and common citizens components, ignores. To ask oneself about the
fate of these places means to ask oneself about the fate of Rome. Perhaps it is
in the resources of the ephemeral city that eternal Rome could find the
strength for its re-foundation, especially now that news tells us of a city out
of control, unmanageable and decadent. Rome is a city that, like many other
capitals, sees its national and international influence very weakened, and
needs to find new perspectives and new motivations to recover. Perhaps through
works such as Careri’s one it becomes possible to imagine the rebirth of Rome
as a real re-foundation by recovering "his Genius Loci founded on the
hospitality of the foreigner. Rome has always been a great multicultural
capital, which in eternal history were the foreigners who cyclically
re-inhabited the ruins and re-founded Rome".
In the
end, the project C.I.R.C.O. invites to re-think the global approach we’ve
always had towards informality management: instead of trying to legalize
informal settlements and occupations, why don’t we imagine a radical completely
change of the paradigm? Why don’t we explore the opportunity to open the city’s
elements to welcome new models of living, new ways of housing? This type of
operation would be able to activate new social housing policies to include
people in emergency and often paupers, leveraging on their constructive,
organizational and evolutionary abilities, understanding and favoring the
microeconomies and mutual aid systems that emerge, for example, in housing
occupations.
Instead of
a stereotyped capital that choose to compete with the others through high tech
skyscrapers, we can think of Rome as a New Babylon fragment of Constant's
utopia, which in 1956 imagined a "city for homo ludens", a
"nomad camp on planetary scale”[12].
Some fixed, immanent elements, such as the ruins of ancient Rome, the monuments
of the Fascist era, the headquarters of the institutions that govern the
country and a series of spaces in the making, built, inhabited and modified by
a crowd in transit. A crowd made by the migrants, the students who come from
the South of Italy, the regional delegates, the tourists, the artists, those
who must request permits, the workers who have been sent to Rome but can't wait
to return to their villages, the nomads and all the fragile segments of our
society. What if we start to consider them a resource. Instead of looking at
them as common “parasites”, we should start to imagine this crowd like those bacteria capable of preserving a healthy state of balance
in the urban environment, by re-activating the metabolism of the inert spaces of
the city.
References
Cummings, J. 2013. Confronting the favela chic: Gentrification of informal settlement in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Master thesis, Harvard University, USA.
De la Hoz, C. 2013. The favela typology: Architecture in the self-built city. Bachelor thesis, Princeton University, USA.
Careri, F. 2018. Poesia, architettura, ospitalità. Dialogo sui
territori dell’informale. Intervista di Gissara, M., Percoco, M., Rossini,
E., in Gissara, M., Percoco, M., Rossini, E. (edited by) Città immaginate.
Riuso e nuove forme dell’abitare. Manifestolibri, Castel San Pietro Romano
(RM).
Jones, P. 2017, Housing Resilience and the Informal City, Journal
of Regional and City Planning vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 129-139, August 2017
Lefevre, H. 2009. Le droit à la ville. Ed Economica, Paris.
Neuwirth, R. 2005. Shadow Cities: A Billion Squatters, A New Urban
World, Routledge, New York.
Papanek, V. 2019. Design for the Real World.Thames & Hudson
Ltd. London.
Pojani, D., 2019, The Self-Built City: Theorizing Urban Design of
Informal Settlements, in Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of
Architecture Research, available online at https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/full/10.1108/ARCH-11-2018-0004.
Watchel, E., 2013, An interview with Richard Senneth, in “Brick.
A Literary Journal”, n. 92.
[1]Romito L.
(2014), Walking out of
Contemporary, in Mitrasinovic M. (Ed.) Concurrent Urbanities: Designing
infrastructures of Inclusion, Routledge, 2015. (https://www.academia.edu/12089692/Walking_out_of_Contemporary)
[2]
Among the
ruins of the contemporary is a Stalker project, developed on
the occasion of the artistic residence Studio Roma, at the Swiss Institute in
Rome, and it is the title of the walk between
18 and 20 March 2016 which led us from
the Colosseum to the skeleton of the " white shark ”designed by Santiago Calatrava via the"beached whale "of
Fuksas in EUR and the “city of moles
"of Koolhaas in Ostiense.
[3]Xeneide - the gift of the Other. Myths, Practices, Poetics of Hospitality is a project
curated by Stalker and NoWorking in 2017. The project produced a first
experimentation of the Gift Space at the AuditoriumArte and then, with the
Civic Arts Studio, retraced on foot the journey of
Aeneas from Torvaianica beach to the top of Monte Cavo on the Alban hills, the
legendary Albalonga from which Romulus and Remus came to found
Rome. (Https://xeneideblog.wordpress.com/)
[4]
from the Greek word ξενία
«hospitality»
[5]
On Ararat, today know as the Kurdish
Cultural Center of the Ex Slaughterhouse of Testaccio, and on all of Stalker's
experience at Campo Boario there is an unpublished book by Stalker Nomad
Observatory, Circles. Campo
Boario 1999-2009, available online
(https://www.dropbox.com/s/uoe777ovcg9fmdg/librostalker%20campo%20boario.pdf?dl=0)
[6] On the actions and projects made by Stalker with the Roma, cf. Francesco
Careri, Lorenzo Romito, StalkerOn / Campus Rom, Altrimedia edizioni, Matera 2017. The film Once upon a
time Savorengo Ker, by Fabrizio Boni and Giorgio de Finis on the house
built together with the Roma of Casilino 900 in July 2008 is on Vimeo
(https://vimeo.com/showcase/1540238)
[7] Metropoliz is a residential occupation of the Metropolitan Precarious
BPM-Blocks, located on Via Prenestina and is now also home to the MAAM, Museum
of the Other and the Elsewhere, designed by Giorgio de Finis. See Francesco
Careri Autodialogo su Metropoliz, in Fabrizio Boni and Giorgio de Finis, “Space
Metropoliz. L'era delle migrazioni
esoplanetarie ", Bordeaux Editions, 2015.
[8] Porto Fluviale is a housing occupation of the City Fight for Home
Coordination. On Porto Fluviale see the 2011 Good Buy Roma film by Gaetano Crivaro and Margherita Pisano
(https://goodbuyroma.wordpress.com/) and Francesco Careri, Tano, Blu e il
Porto Fluviale, in Giorgio de Finis, Fabio Benincasa, Andrea Facchi, “EXPLOIT. Come rovesciare il mondo dell’arte. D-Istruzioni per
l’uso ", Bordeaux
Edizioni, Rome, 2015.
[9] The experience told by all the participants is in the book by Giorgio de Finis and Irene Di Noto, R/home.
Diritto all’abitare dovere capitale,
Bordeaux Edizioni, Rome 2018.
[10] CIRCO is a research developed since the autumn of 2017
within the Laboratory of Urban and
Architectural Design of the Master's Degree in Urban Design of the Department
of Architecture of Rome TRE, with
the participation of Francesco Careri, Fabrizio Finucci, Chiara Luchetti, Alberto
Marzo, Sara Monaco, Enrico Perini, Serena Olcuire e Maria Rocco
(https://laboratoriocirco.wordpress.com/).
[11] Atac is the acronym for Agenzia del Trasporto Autoferrotranviario
del Comune di Roma (Road transport agency of the Municipality of Rome)
[12]
For more
information please look at Careri F., 2001, Constant.
New Babylon, una città nomade, Testo
& Immagine, Torino; Wigley M., 1998, Constant's New Babylon: The Hyper-architecture
of Desire, 010 Publishers,
Rotterdam.
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